Le télétravail présente de nombreux avantages. En effet, il réduit les temps de transport et améliore la qualité de vie. Néanmoins, il isole certains salariés. Or, l'entreprise a supprimé la plupart de ses bureaux l'an dernier. Dès lors, un retour en arrière paraît difficile. Quant aux nouveaux employés, ils peinent à s'intégrer. En fait, le problème n'est pas technique mais humain.
Advanced argumentation connectors
Les connecteurs argumentatifs
What you'll learn
- Use formal connectors precisely
- Avoid the classic traps
- Build a written argument
Tips for this lesson
- French « or » has nothing to do with English "or" — it introduces a decisive new fact.
- en effet confirms what you just said; en fait corrects it. Opposite jobs.
- Each connector has one function. Choosing precisely is what separates C1 writing from B2.
In context
Read this argument. Each connector in bold performs a different logical move — track what each one does.
The pattern — one connector, one job
These connectors are not interchangeable. Each marks a specific move in the argument.
At C1, argumentation depends on choosing the precise connector rather than recycling mais and donc. Néanmoins and toutefois concede then contrast (nevertheless); cependant and en revanche oppose, the latter specifically comparing two things. Or is the trap: it is not English "or" — it introduces a new fact that shifts the argument, often the decisive premise before a conclusion. En effet confirms and explains what you have just claimed (indeed, because); en fait corrects it (actually, in fact) — they are close in form and opposite in job. Quant à isolates a new topic (as for). Dès lors and par conséquent draw a consequence. D'ailleurs adds a supporting aside (besides), while par ailleurs opens a separate point (moreover). These belong to writing and formal speech; in casual conversation they sound stilted.
| Connector | Function | English | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| néanmoins / toutefois | concede then contrast | nevertheless | C'est cher ; néanmoins, cela vaut la peine. |
| en revanche | oppose two things | on the other hand | Il est lent ; en revanche, il est précis. |
| or | decisive new fact | now, yet | Il devait signer. Or, il a refusé. |
| en effet | confirm + explain | indeed, because | Il a réussi ; en effet, il a beaucoup travaillé. |
| en fait | correct what was said | actually, in fact | On le croyait riche ; en fait, il est endetté. |
| quant à | isolate a new topic | as for | Quant aux étudiants, ils sont favorables. |
| dès lors | draw a consequence | consequently | Le budget est voté. Dès lors, nous pouvons commencer. |
Il devait signer le contrat. Or, il a refusé au dernier moment.
He was supposed to sign the contract. Yet he refused at the last minute.
or introduces the fact that overturns the expectation. Never read it as "or".
Il a réussi l'examen ; en effet, il avait révisé tout l'été.
He passed the exam; indeed, he had revised all summer.
en effet confirms and gives the reason.
On le croyait à Paris ; en fait, il était déjà rentré.
We thought he was in Paris; in fact, he had already come home.
en fait corrects the previous statement. Opposite job to en effet.
Quant à la deuxième proposition, elle mérite un examen attentif.
As for the second proposal, it deserves careful examination.
quant à opens a new topic, always followed by à + noun (quant aux, quant au).
Erreurs fréquentes
- Reading « Or, il a refusé » as "Or, he refused".Or = yet / now — it introduces the decisive new fact.
This misreading reverses the logic of the whole paragraph. The French for "or" is ou.
- On le croyait riche ; en effet, il est endetté.On le croyait riche ; en fait, il est endetté.
You're correcting the belief, not confirming it. en effet would claim the opposite.
- Using d'ailleurs to open an unrelated new argument.Par ailleurs, il faut considérer le coût.
d'ailleurs adds a supporting aside to the same point; par ailleurs opens a genuinely separate one.
Exceptions & à retenir
or is punctuated as a pivot
It typically opens a sentence and is followed by a comma. Placed mid-sentence it becomes hard to read — keep it in initial position.
en effet also works as a standalone reply
Answering « En effet. » on its own means "Indeed / that's right", agreeing with what was just said. Common in formal spoken French.
These connectors are register-marked
Néanmoins and dès lors in casual conversation sound bookish. In speech, mais and donc do the same work — this is C1-05's register lesson applied to connectors.
Astuces & mémo
- Test for or: could you replace it with « mais voilà que » or « cependant, un fait nouveau » ? If yes, you've read it right.
- Test for en effet vs en fait: am I confirming (en effet) or correcting (en fait)?
- quant à contracts like any à: quant au directeur, quant aux étudiants.
Match the function
Match each connector to the job it does in an argument.
Tap an answer below, then tap the question it belongs to — or tap a question first to pick its slot. Tap a filled slot to send the answer back.
- Q1or
- Q2en effet
- Q3en fait
- Q4néanmoins
- Q5quant à
- Q6dès lors
Guided practice — choose the connector
Complete each argument with the connector that fits the logic.
Build the sentence
Put the words in the correct order.
- Sentence 1Tap the words below to build the sentence.
- Sentence 2Tap the words below to build the sentence.
Produce it
Write a short structured argument using at least four of these connectors, each doing a different job.
- 1.Rédigez un argument structuré de 5-6 phrases sur un sujet de votre choix.
- 2.Utilisez au moins quatre connecteurs différents et justifiez chaque choix.
- 3.Quelle est la différence entre « en effet » et « en fait » dans votre texte ?