Quand je suis arrivé, elle était déjà partie. Il avait déjà mangé quand nous sommes arrivés. Je n'avais jamais visité Paris avant ce voyage.
Le plus-que-parfait
Le plus-que-parfait
What you'll learn
- Say what had already happened
- Form it from the imparfait of avoir/être
- Sequence two past events
Tips for this lesson
- Plus-que-parfait = imparfait of avoir/être + past participle — same participle rules as passé composé.
- It expresses the 'past before the past' — the earlier of two past events.
- Same avoir/être choice and agreement rules as passé composé apply.
In context
Read. Notice one action happened BEFORE the other — the plus-que-parfait marks the earlier one.
The pattern — the 'past before the past'
Plus-que-parfait = imparfait of avoir/être + past participle. It marks the EARLIER of two past events.
The plus-que-parfait describes an action that had already happened before another past action — the "past before the past". You already know everything needed to build it: use avoir or être (the same choice as passé composé) but in the imparfait instead of the present, then add the past participle (same forms and agreement rules you already know). Compare: "Quand je suis arrivé [passé composé — this happened], elle était déjà partie [plus-que-parfait — this happened even earlier]" — she left BEFORE I arrived.
| Auxiliary (imparfait) | + Participle | Example |
|---|---|---|
| j'avais | mangé | j'avais mangé (I had eaten) |
| tu avais | fini | tu avais fini (you had finished) |
| il était | parti | il était parti (he had left) |
| nous avions | vu | nous avions vu (we had seen) |
Elle était déjà partie quand je suis arrivé.
She had already left when I arrived.
être + agreement (partie, feminine) — same rule as A2-02.
Il avait mangé avant de sortir.
He had eaten before going out.
Je n'avais jamais visité Paris avant ce voyage.
I had never visited Paris before this trip.
Nous avions déjà fini quand ils sont arrivés.
We had already finished when they arrived.
Two clear steps: finishing (earlier, plus-que-parfait), arriving (later, passé composé).
Erreurs fréquentes
- Quand je suis arrivé, elle est partie. (meaning she'd already left)Quand je suis arrivé, elle était partie.
Using passé composé for both events loses the sequencing — plus-que-parfait shows which one happened first.
- J'ai avais mangé.J'avais mangé.
Only ONE auxiliary is needed — avoir/être in the imparfait, not combined with passé composé.
- Elle était parti. (feminine subject, no agreement)Elle était partie.
Être-group participles still agree with the subject, exactly as in the passé composé (A2-02).
Exceptions & à retenir
Used in reported/indirect speech for the past
Il a dit qu'il avait déjà mangé (He said he had already eaten) — plus-que-parfait is essential for backshifting when reporting what someone said about an earlier event.
Also appears in si-clause type 3 (regret)
Si j'avais su, je serais venu (If I had known, I would have come) — you'll meet this fully at B2, but plus-que-parfait is the building block for hypothetical regrets about the past.
Astuces & mémo
- Reuse everything: same avoir/être choice, same participle forms, same agreement rules as passé composé — only the auxiliary's tense changes (imparfait instead of present).
- Trigger words: déjà (already), avant (before), ne...jamais (never) often signal plus-que-parfait in a past-tense story.
- Think 'two steps back': passé composé = one step into the past; plus-que-parfait = two steps into the past, relative to your passé composé reference point.
Which happened first?
Match each plus-que-parfait phrase to its meaning.
- Q1elle était partieA____________
- Q2il avait mangéA____________
- Q3nous avions finiA____________
- Q4je n'avais jamais visitéA____________
Guided practice — form the plus-que-parfait
Complete with avoir/être (imparfait) + the correct participle.
Build the sentence
Put the words in the correct order.
- Sentence 1Tap the words below to build the sentence.
- Sentence 2Tap the words below to build the sentence.
- Sentence 3Tap the words below to build the sentence.
Produce it
Tell about a time when something had already happened before you did something else.
- 1.Racontez une fois où vous êtes arrivé(e) trop tard.
- 2.Aviez-vous déjà visité un endroit avant d'y retourner ?
- 3.Qu'aviez-vous fait avant un événement important dans votre vie ?